Since April, the world has seen record high ocean temperatures and that’s bad news for the plants and animals that call the ocean home.
Longer and more frequent bouts of extreme temperatures can cause the exodus of some species and the invasion of others, with potentially devastating impacts on the resident ecosystem.
Global warming manifests as a gradual increase in temperatures over time around the world, caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions.
However, scientists are finding that the most important impacts come from short-term spikes in temperature.
In the ocean, these discrete periods of extreme temperatures, lasting weeks to months, are called marine heatwaves.
Marine heatwaves can be generated by either the atmosphere or by ocean processes.
For example, weather systems like high pressure systems can lead to low cloud and greater solar heating while ocean changes can be driven by strengthened poleward currents that move heat from high to low latitudes.
The likelihood and intensity of these atmospheric and oceanic drivers of marine heatwaves can also be affected by large-scale phenomena like El Nino or La Nina.
Larger portions of the oceans are likely to experience marine heatwaves during El Nino events.
Marine heatwaves can have dramatic impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems that may extend for long periods after temperatures have returned to normal.
Impacts range from the suppressed growth of microscopic marine plants to mass deaths in fish and marine mammals, encroachment of invasive species and toxic algal outbreaks.
Importantly, marine heatwaves have been associated with extensive dieback of species like coral reefs, kelp forests and seagrass beds that form the homes and breeding grounds for a large amount of the ocean’s biodiversity.
These impacts can have devastating knock-on effects for fisheries, aquaculture and tourism industries, with individual events linked to direct losses of up to hundreds of millions of dollars.
The Ningaloo Nino that formed early in 2011 was an iconic extreme event.
Intensified winds along the Pacific equator – associated with an extreme La Niña – forced warm water westwards and through the Indonesian Archipelago, into the Indian Ocean and poleward along the coast of Western Australia.
This flood of warm water caused a record-breaking marine heatwave that wiped out the endemic kelp forest for over 100 km along the Australian coast along with one-third (1,300 square kilometres) of the Shark Bay seagrass meadow, a UNESCO world heritage site.
The Ningaloo Nino caused deaths and reduced reproduction in abalone, scallops and crabs that led to the closure of associated fisheries for several years.
The Tasman Sea is another hotspot for ocean warming and marine heatwaves.
Two consecutive extreme events occurred the summer of 2015/16 and 2017/18. Their causes were very different.
The first was primarily caused by an intensification of the warm East Australian Current while the second was caused by a long-lasting high pressure system over the ocean.
These and previous events brought an invasion of sea urchins from mainland waters that led to the decimation of kelp forests off eastern Tasmania.
The 2015/16 event alone led to new diseases in cultured oysters, poor salmon performance and high mortalities of abalone. Together this led to economic losses of more than half a billion dollars.
As marine heatwaves exist on the backdrop of long-term global ocean warming, these extreme events are becoming more intense and more frequent.
Over the past century the number of days each year experiencing marine heatwave conditions has increased by more than 50 percent.
The shorter time between marine heatwaves means that many populations no longer have the time to recover between events, which can lead to species moving their range or being wiped out.
And this will only worsen in the future.
Many studies show that some coral reefs are losing their hard corals.
And with increased future warming the very existence of tropical coral reefs are in doubt.
Since April, the oceans have been warmer than at any time during the instrumental record.
It’s probably at least 100,000 years – before the last ice age – since temperatures could have been this warm.
As a consequence, scientists are seeing more of the ocean experiencing marine heatwave conditions than ever. And that’s before the added push from the developing El Nino.
Over the past few weeks alone, there have been extreme marine heatwaves in all of the ocean basins, including around the UK and Japan, off Peru and in waters extending off of the Californian, Florida and east and west Canadian coasts.
As the Northern Hemisphere enters its warmest season, marine heatwaves are at their most dangerous, pushing marine organisms above their thermal limits.
Over the next few months, expect reports of significant ecosystem harm to start to emerge.
An understanding of the physical drivers of these events and their biological impacts provides scientists with some ability to forecast their likelihood in the future.
This can help marine resource managers make decisions, like moving aquaculture stocks, reducing fishing quotas or taking direct action to suppress warming (like shading of aquaculture cultivation areas, or moving aquaculture pens out of harm’s way) in small, high-value regions.
But ultimately, to avoid escalating impacts the only solution is to stop greenhouse gas emissions.
Associate Professor Alex Sen Gupta is a research scientist and lecturer at the Climate Change Research Centre and the Centre For Marine Science and Innovation at UNSW. His work revolves around the role of the ocean in the climate system, how the ocean influences regional climate and what global climate models tell us about the future of the ocean, with a recent focus on marine heatwaves.